Petrels Night & Day – web-book

Petrels Night & Day is a comprehensive exploration of the petrels of Europe and North Africa. You can listen to previously unpublished digital stereo recordings of 23 species of petrels nesting on islets, islands and coasts of the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. You will learn how to separate them by ear, with the help of clearly annotated sonograms. You can read the author’s tales of making the recordings, and learn where to go to experience the birds. There is a series of full-colour plates and photographs for birdwatchers and especially seawatchers. Many of the photographers were taken at the same time as the recordings. Most importantly, read how the latest research is leading to the recognition of new – European – species, some of which are exceedingly rare. Written and illustrated by enthusiasts, so be warned: this publication could be the start of a serious obsession.

Acknowledgements
Preface

Gadfly petrels
Zino’s Petrel Pterodroma madeira
Fea’s Petrel Pterodroma feae
Desertas Petrel Pterodroma deserta

Bulwer’s Petrel
Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii

Calonectris shearwaters
Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris borealis
Scopoli’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea
Cape Verde Shearwater Calonectris edwardsii
Great Shearwater Puffinus gravis

Little shearwaters
Barolo Shearwater Puffinus baroli
Boyd’s Shearwater Puffinus boydi

Manx and Mediterranean shearwaters
Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus
Balearic Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus
Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan
Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus

Northern Fulmar
Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis

White-faced Storm Petrel
White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina

European storm petrels
British Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus
Mediterranean Storm Petrel Hydrobates melitensis

Leach’s Storm Petrel
Leach’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Wilson’s Storm Petrel Oceanites oceanicus

Band-rumped storm petrels
Grant’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma sp nov
Monteiro’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monteiroi
Madeiran Storm Petrel Oceanodroma castro
Cape Verde Storm Petrel Oceanodroma jabejabe

Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel
Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis

References

I owe my existence to St Kilda, a remote clump of islands, beyond the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. The only settlement, Village Bay on Hirta, was evacuated in 1930, when the inhabitants realised that life could be easier elsewhere. 34 years later, my mother and father met when they both volunteered for a program to restore the village buildings.

Before my first visit, I had vivid images of St Kilda in my mind’s eye, born of their stories, maybe some photographs I once saw, and mingled with what I had learned about such places. One of the most dreamlike was the night my parents joined a ringer working in the Leach’s Storm Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa colony of Carn Mór. I pictured a dark night on a steep boulder-field. Warmly dressed people, torches in hand, crowd round a fascinating little dark bird one of them holds by the legs. It struggles a bit, a camera flashes, and then the creature is released into its burrow.

My mother came from Orkney, Scotland, and we visited family and friends there every summer throughout my childhood. The seabirds I grew up with were the bonxies, kittiwakes, guillemots, tysties, and puffins of the Orkney cliffs and shores. The only petrel I knew (and knew to avoid) was the Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis. Teeming bird cliffs, their roar and clamour, and their scent, came to be associated with good times: purple-tongues from eating berries, ducking to avoid bonxie attacks, edging out to have a better look at the puffins.

In 2000, Mark Constantine invited Arnoud van den Berg and me to join him in founding The Sound Approach, a continuing project that has already resulted in the pioneering book The Sound Approach to birding (Constantine & The Sound Approach 2006). By this time, I had seen several species of shearwaters and storm petrels, but I had still never listened to them in a colony. When we drafted our first species list for the project, I suggested we could easily skip the petrels, because nobody ever heard them. A year later, I found myself in the Canary Islands with a list of endemics and other specialities to record. On it were several nocturnal seabirds, and my encounters with them proved to be the start of an incurable addiction. 

Nothing I have experienced is as intoxicating as total immersion in a petrel colony at night, whether it be gadfly petrels, shearwaters or storm petrels. I feel privileged and a little spoiled that I have been able to visit colonies from Greece to the Azores, and from Iceland to the Cape Verde Islands. There can be no better way to share the experiences than to let you hear them on the accompanying CDs. Most were recorded in ambient stereo using a special piece of equipment called a SASS, which we described in The Sound Approach to birding. I am not aware of another technique that would capture the experience of being in a colony so well, especially when the callers are whizzing around your head. Please take the time to listen. Slip on a pair of headphones if you have them, turn off lights, and play a track from the first CD accompanying this book. Then just let your imagination run wild.

Killian has illustrated and annotated the plates, and the team of The Sound Approach has contributed in many areas, but the book is written in the first person. It recounts my own explorations as well as those of my colleagues, visiting the colonies, listening to the sounds, and researching the literature.

Throughout the book we have used sonagrams. These graphic representations of sound, where frequency is plotted against time, are explained in more detail in chapter 1. Scales have been chosen to allow comparisons between closely related taxa, as well as between males and females where differences are known. Other subjects, such as nestling calls and various details discussed in the text, are sometimes shown at different scales. Contrasting colours have been chosen to highlight calls of males, females or birds of unknown sex, young or old, inhaled or exhaled notes, and occasionally details within the sounds: harmonics, subharmonics and chaos.

In The Sound Approach to birding, we explained the problems of using behavioural labels for calls. So-called ‘burrow calls’, for example, are sometimes used by petrels in the air, while ‘flight calls’ are frequently used by petrels in burrows. Where appropriate, we have used alternative descriptive names like ‘chatter call’ and ‘purring call’.

Following Warham (1990, 1996) and Brooke (2004), the word ‘petrel’ is used to cover all the species in this book collectively. Visits to colonies have tended to be brief, two or three nights at most, so we have not been able to conduct extensive research in the field. We hope that thorough preparation has partly made up for the brevity of our visits. For my part, reading the literature and a bit of lateral thinking often enabled me to use insights that one researcher has come up with for a particular taxon to understand another one better. Listening for such resonances between species has been one of the most enjoyable parts of my work.

We feel privileged that, for several of the petrels, we are the first to publish sound recordings, and that we are able to add significantly to what was previously available for other species. Few people have ever been in such a good position to listen to the vocalisations of these petrels, and in some cases, the book describes differences that have not been presented before. Where these were not obvious, for example between Desertas Petrel Pterodroma deserta and Fea’s Petrel P feae, they had to be confirmed through analysis and measurement of sonagrams, sometimes involving hundreds of individual calls. Only the conclusions are presented here, not all the ‘workings out’. We hope to publish the full range of data and explore its statistical significance in appropriate journals.

Species names, English and scientific (Latin), are based on Gill & Wright (2006), with additions when required. In the ‘little shearwater’ complex, we have adopted the names Barolo Shearwater for Puffinus baroli and Boyd’s Shearwater for P boydi, because there are several other taxa with names based on ‘Madeiran’ and ‘Cape Verde’, and because these names will also be used in a new book being prepared by Steve Howell and in Dutch Birding. New names had to be introduced for members of the band-rumped storm petrel complex, to avoid disasters like ‘hot-season Azorean Madeiran Storm Petrel’! The latter, Monteiro’s Storm Petrel, will soon become more familiar when a formal description of this new species is published (Bolton et al 2008). For the cold season population of the Azores, Berlengas, Canary Islands, Madeiran archipelago and Selvagens, we have used the new name Grant’s Storm Petrel. Cape Verde Storm Petrel O jabejabe will be completely new to most readers, although this taxon was described in 1875.

Petrels night and day is a celebration of hidden diversity. Seabird evolution has perfected a limited number of basic designs, with optimal proportions and coloration, and consequently many species look very similar. Since most activity associated with breeding occurs in near or complete darkness, there is little selective pressure on divergent taxa to evolve differences in plumage. While their appearance may hardly have changed, other things such as the choice of different seasons for breeding, or differences in their DNA, sometimes hint at the existence of ‘cryptic species’ that have evolved different ways of life. Cryptic, that is, until you listen and discover how different they can sound.

Petrels night and day has benefited from the assistance and generosity of a great many people. Magnus Robb, Killian Mullarney and The Sound Approach – including Arnoud van den Berg and Mark Constantine – are extremely grateful to everybody who has contributed. The extended team that worked on this book also included Cecilia Bosman, René Pop and Birgit Schrama. They have added a great deal, not only to the quality of the publication, but also to the pleasure of making it, and we extend our heartfelt thanks to them. Although he was not directly involved in making this book, we would also like to thank Matt Fairhall for his excellent promotional work behind the scenes.

Obtaining sound recordings of all the petrels breeding in the Western Palearctic was quite an undertaking, and would not have been possible without the help of friends in several countries. From an early stage in the project, Manuela Nunes helped to arrange access to various Portuguese islands, without which the book might never have happened. She also provided literature, photographs, unpublished data and contacts, and commented on the manuscript. Some of the best recordings and photographs were made possible with the help of Miguel McMinn and Ana Rodriguez on Mallorca. They brought us to several colonies we could never have hoped to reach without them, and helped in many other ways too. Gunnar Thór Hallgrímsson provided invaluable assistance in Iceland, arranging trips, providing excellent company and sending some great photographs. Verónica Neves made possible a trip to Praia islet in the Azores, and together with Ricardo Ceia, was great company when we got there. In South Korea, Lee Ki-sup shared much of his knowledge about Swinhoe’s Storm Petrels Oceanodroma monorhis, and organised a rare opportunity to sound record and photograph this species. Magnus and Killian very much enjoyed their trip to the Selvagens with the Ventura do Mar, and would like to thank skipper Luis Dias and his colleagues. On Graciosa, Azores, Rolando Oliveira (Centro Náutico Graciosa) was exactly the kind of skipper that pelagic birders dream of. As soon as we looked at an interesting bird through our binoculars or cameras, he would manoeuvre the boat to give us the best light, without us having to ask. We thank Grellan Rourke, Alyn Walsh and John Wilson for making our trip to the Skelligs, Ireland, possible. Many other people helped with contactsmssoon, logistics or provided good company during other island trips. These include Susan Bain, Joël Bried, Andrea Corso, Henrique Costa Neves, Renzo Ientile, Tom Kompier, Carmelita Lima, Noel Linehan, Eduardo Mínguez, Sarah Money, Colm Moore, Nial Moores, João Neiva, João Nunes, Maria José Pitta Groz, Colm Purcell, Carlos Santos, João Tiago Tavares, António Teixeira, Freydís Vigfúsdóttir and the staff of Northern Light Charters. 

Many people generously shared their data, or helped to supply literature that was often difficult to obtain. Outstanding help in this regard was provided by George Sangster, who sent Magnus many obscure papers, and Thor Veen, who helped locate many more. When it came to the band-rumped storm petrel complex, Mark Bolton and Vicki Friesen shared far more information than we would have dared to ask for. Killian is particularly grateful to Göran Ekström and Ian Lewington for providing reference material for his plates. Others who shared published or unpublished material or answered queries include Josep Antoni Alcover, Tycho Anker-Nilssen, Carole Attié, Thierry Aubin, Vincent Bretagnolle, Tony Clarke, Pierre-André Crochet, Charlotte Curé, Robert Flood, Bob Furness, Meritxell Genovart, Ricardo Guerreiro, Ricard Gutiérrez, Justin Hart, Cornelis Hazevoet, Steve Howell, Mardik Leopold, André van Loon, Rafael Matias, Rafael Meliá López, Peter Meininger, Pim de Nobel, Manuel Nogales, Ernesto Occhiato, Gerald Oreel, Martin Poot, Tineke Prins, Petra Quillfeldt, Rob Thomas, Isabelle Vigier, Inka Wilden, Edwin Winkel and Bernard Zonfrillo.

We are very grateful to a number of friends and experts who read sections of the manuscript or commented on the plates. Anthony McGeehan’s criticisms of the manuscript were great fun to read and very much appreciated. Pim Wolf’s enthusiasm for the project was boundless. He kept abreast with Magnus through several U-turns in his thinking, and shared the incubation of many an unhatched idea. Others whose comments greatly improved the manuscript or plates include Michael Brooke, Dave McAdams, Jan Andries van Franeker, Steve Geelhoed, Nick Hopper, Steve Howell, Ian Lewis, James Lidster, André van Loon, Rafael Matias, Roy Slaterus and Edward Soldaat.

Frank Zino’s insights greatly enriched the text on gadfly petrels. He also shared photographs, literature, and stories, and allowed us to use historic sound recordings by his father, Paul Alexander Zino. His wife, Elisabeth Zino, shared sound recordings she had made of Desertas Petrels Pterodroma deserta, which helped Magnus to appreciate that they sound different from Fea’s Petrels P feae. We very much enjoyed their hospitality at various times, most notably during a big storm that scuppered both our visit to Bugio and theirs to the Selvagens. For sound recordings, we are also indebted to Cheryl Tipp of the British Library Sound Archive, who supplied recordings of Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel, and to Paul James, who allowed us to publish a recording of the first Swinhoe’s ever discovered in the Atlantic. Anthony McGeehan went out of his way to arrange the copying of a video recording of Great Shearwaters Puffinus gravis by Stuart McKee. We are very grateful to them both, and to Ulster Television who converted the rare video format to DVD for us. William Mackin shared a great deal of data and sound recordings from his work on Audubon’s Shearwaters P lherminieri in the Caribbean. His careful, open-minded work with sound analyses provided Magnus with many useful insights.

For photographs we are particularly indebted to Jacob Gonzáles-Solís, who has visited most of the same islands we have. Jacob was able to provide photographs of places, birds and people Magnus had only recorded with microphones. He also provided information and reference sound recordings that helped us find, and improve our understanding of Cape Verde Storm Petrels O jabejabe. For further photographic material, we would like to thank Richard Bonser, Leo Boon (Cursorius), Michael Davis, Pedro Geraldes, Elena Gómez-Díaz, Ricardo Guerreiro, Marc Guyt (Agami), Hugh Harrop, Jóhann Óli Hilmarsson, Luc Hoogenstein, Yann Kolbeinsson, Martin Lofgren (Wild Bird Gallery), Rafael Matias, Rebecca Nason, Daniele Occhiato, Iván Ramírez, Felipe Viveiros and Steve Young.

Technical assistance was ably provided by Klas Strandberg (Telinga), Herbert Schrama and Peter Nuyten, who built and repaired microphones for us, and got us out of several scrapes. Lang Elliott (NatureSound Studio) provided the inspiration to modify a Crown SASS casing to accommodate Sennheiser MKH-20 microphones and answered several queries about how he did it. Peter Brothers of Specs Bros, New Jersey, USA, kindly agreed to restore a 40-year-old audio tape for a very reasonable fee.

Other people are to be thanked for their patience with Magnus, who was less able to spend time with them than he might other-wise have been. In particular, these include his family in Scotland, England and New Zealand, and the members of Ensemble Al Farabi: Wouter Swets, Kamil Abbas, Joost Rekveld and Roel Sluis. 

Magnus and Killian would like to give special thanks to their nearest and dearest – Ilse Schrama, Cornelia Sakali and Helena Mullarney – for help, love and support in so many ways, and for a great deal of patience.

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